Expose
This paper analyzes the integration of tourism with indigenous people to determine the integration of changes or concepts. The essay sheds new light on tourism and indigenous people, which helps to discern indigenous tourism’s socio-cultural aspect. Consequently, the
research outlines the background overview of the Maori and Aboriginal people, which ultimately gives the two indigenous populations’ pre-history and socio-cultural factors. The analysis uses peer-reviewed scholarly articles, online books, and journal sources for the
research to develop a useful comparison on the diverse aspects of Maori and Aboriginal indigenous people. This topic is compelling for the investigation as it helps to understand the tourism sector and indigenous people’s cultural diversity. Notably, the study helps foster the
development of the social sustainability theme among the indigenous people while promoting the expansion of tourism sector research analysis.
1. Introduction
Tourism is the process in which individuals leave their ordinary residence for another surrounding and ultimately perform various activities in their new surroundings despite the distance of their new surroundings from the typical environment (Camilleri, 2018, p2). Being a sector that benefits indigenous people by providing employment opportunities and raising revenues, the people are deeply rooted in tourism operations. Indigenous culture and languages are attractive traditions that attract tourists for cultural diversity, promoting social benefits to both the tourists and the destination. However, the communities rely on tourism to notice the side impacts that the practice generates to their social and cultural aspects. These impacts include environmental degradation and cultural clashes, moral disruption, and globalization, which changes the community’s original setting (Jaafar et al., 2015, p11). Consequently, indigenous people lose their sense of identity, and they try to emulate the tourists, such as adopting their speaking methods and lifestyle. Another feature of indigenous tourism that affects the indigenous is congestion and overcrowding, which inconveniences the people by crippling their daily activities during tourism peak seasons (Jafaar et al., 2015, 11). Therefore, the study of tourism and indigenous tourism is significant in determining the impact changes tourism has on the socio-culture of the Maori of New Zealand and Aboriginal indigenous people of Australia.
1.1 Problem Description
Cultural tourism entails the exercise of tourism on ethnic and ecological sites, which generates positive and negative impacts on indigenous people. Cultural tourism sparks researchers’ interest due to the shift of indigenous people from agricultural activities to
tourism to create economic stability and sustainable income. Despite these benefits, cultural tourism generates negative impacts on indigenous people, such as culture disorientation, environmental distraction, pollution, and conflicts among the tourists (Chang et al., 2018, p1). The Maori and direct Aboriginal involvement in cultural tourism necessitate the tolerance of the challenges and opportunities of the effects of tourism, which ultimately promote sustainable development (Carr et al., 2016, p1068). The involvement of indigenous in cultural tourism is a topic that interests researchers to fuel research on sustainable tourism and the indigenous people to determine their perception and changes that occur in their area of residence in connection with tourism. The perception of the challenge between negative and positive impacts fuel the research on the changes tourism impacts on the socio-culture of the Maori people of New Zealand and the Aboriginal indigenous people of Australia to determine their sustainability.
1.2 Objective of the Research
Due to the increased indigenous tourism practices in indigenous communities, people’s socio-culture has seen definite changes in their traditions, cultural practices, and social relationships. The study of tourism and indigenous Maori and Aboriginal people is
vital to promote useful analysis of the two interactions. The course entails the research methodology of analyzing the archival research of secondary sources to develop crucial relevant historical information regarding indigenous people and cultural tourism. This
research aims to assess the tourism changes and how they affect Maori and Aboriginal indigenous people’s socio-culture using analysis criteria to compare the two indigenous people.
2. Definition of Key Terms
2.1 Indigenous People
The term indigenous people is an internationally recognized phrase used to refer to a group of people who share or have a shared sense of identity (“Indigenous people of the world,” 2020, p1). Indigenous people are perceived as occupants of large sections of the
world, such as from the Arctic to the Pacific, totalling an approximate number of 300 occupants (“Indigenous people of the world,” 2020, p1). The people have historically sought recognition of their identity to date, thus proving counter-productive to generate policies and
customs that focus on integrating indigenous people into the majority populations (“Indigenous people of the world,” 2020, p2).
2.2 Socio-culture
The socio-culture is a framework that entails culture and societal context, such as a community. Culture is defined as a set of values, beliefs, or attitudes that feature a particular community. Also, culture is a collection of mind programming that differentiates one
community from the other (Apsalone and Sumilo, 2015, p277). A community entails a group of people with similar cultural values, which forms a socio-culture. Diverse individuals identify themselves with a community’s socio-cultural factors, such as social, economic, and
legislation factors (Apsalone and Sumilo, 2015, p277).
2.3 Social responsibility
Social responsibility is a framework that suggests individuals or groups are obligated to act appropriately to suit the environment’s safety and the benefit of a community. Social responsibility is sub-divided into environmental, human rights, philanthropic, and economic
responsibility, which befits the role of giving back to society by providing an excellent positive value. Researchers persuasively argue that socially responsible tourism procedures positively impact the customer (tourists) who get satisfactory experiences (Tran et al., 2018,
p2).
Elaboration of Cultural Tourism
Cultural tourism is a form of tourism that fosters uniqueness, sustainability, and the significance of employing marketing skills in the tourism industry to ensure the satisfaction of consumer demands (Bujdoso et al., 2015, p313). Notably, this form of tourism focuses on
successful assimilation and economic profit integration to preserve cultural values. Tourism entails the marketing and sale of a tourism product that fosters the preservation of values and creates awareness of the significance of protecting the natural environment and cultural heritage to build a tourism host (Bojdoso et al., 2015, p313). Thus, cultural tourism works with a concept of designing tour routes that foster cultural motivation of learning new cultures (Bojdoso et al., 2015, p313).
Indigenous Tourism
Indigenous tourism is a form of tourism that encompasses tourist actions with the direct involvement of indigenous people who use culture to foster tourism (Cappucci, 2016, p47). According to Cappucci, indigenous tourism directly engages native people whose tribal
disparity serves as a source for attracting tourists. The habitat, history of the indigenous people, and their cultural heritage are more extraordinary tourist attraction sites due to the uniqueness and harshness of their habitat’s landscape (Cappucci, 2016, p47). Therefore,
indigenous tourism is primarily based on the cultural aspect, traditions, and landscape of an indigenous location. Historically, indigenous tourism mainly entails the interaction of indigenous people with the westerns who value handicrafts through their thirst to carry them
home. This demand for possession results in bulk buying and ultimately serving as a source of income for the indigenous people (Cappucci, 2016, p47). Therefore, indigenous people, such as the Maori, engage in tourism for its vast potential opportunity for economic growth and independence.
Sustainable Tourism
This (Sustainable tourism) is a form of tourism that mainly focuses on the protection of the environment, conserve and preserve the cultural integrity of the host population while establishing social justice, improving the economic status, and improving their (tourism host populations) living standards (Zolfani et al., 2015, p2). The form of tourism ensures equity and intergenerational interactions while performing tourism operations to maintain tourism viability in a specific area for an unconventional period (Zolfani et al., 2015, p2). Sustainable tourism fosters sustainable development, aiming to improve the quality of life by protecting the natural environment while providing quality time to tourist adventures (Zolfani et al., 2015, p2).
3.1 Maori People
The culture change in New Zealand entailed a replacement in the Archaic east Polynesian and Maori regime, which constituted of intermediate changes called proto-Maori (Anderson, 2016, p2). The Maori used artefacts based on archaeology research included fish
hooks and ornaments, despite radiocarbon effects. For instance, the fragment of a chevron pendant is significant evidence of the relics of Maori culture (Anderson, 2016, p2). According to the chronology records, New Zealand was occupied in about 1200 characterized
by gardening activities, massive environmental changes accompanied by rampant climate deterioration. The climate changes resulted in vast fluctuations in the cultural ways of the Maori people (Anderson, 2016, p3). Notably, the early Maori occupants practiced
horticultural farming in the Northern to intensify their subsistence activities. The gardening entailed digging small pits that served as storage means for horticulture farming (Anderson, 20116, p9). Thus, the Maori people were organized farmers and hunters using human labour and agronomic architecture (Anderson, 2016, p9).
3.1.1 History
Maori Tourism
Maori people engage in tourism, which is tied to the landscapes and cultural values in which the Maori shape their identities (Ringham et al., 2016, p100). The diversity of Maori engagement in tourism fosters the current perception of post-settlement of indigenous people
in New Zealand. Notably, people include tourism values, which actively reshapes the moral terrains of diverse tourism destinations such as Aotearoa, New Zealand (Rignham et al., 2016, p100). The Maori interaction in the tourism industry instils intersecting realities of their
moral terrains and worlds, creating platforms for negotiations and traverse moral context (Ringham et al., 2016, p100). The moral terrains integrate with the political, economic, and cultural context of colonial and capitalist Aotearoa, which fosters Maori negotiation
incorporation to facilitate a healthy and morally tourism platform (Ringham et al., 2016, p100). Therefore, Maori people work with and for tourism in connection with other tourism providers such as iwi and hapu to preserve the values.
3.2 Aboriginal
3.2.1History
The early indigenous occupants of Australia were referred to as Aboriginal people or Torres Strait Islanders. The Aboriginals dwelled in Australia for longer periods without a predefined constitution, which was later developed in 1967 (“Aluminium-stewardship.org,
2015, n.p). The development of the constitution resulted in the recognition of their native identity and the recognition of their human rights as Australian citizens in 1982 (“Aluminium-stewardship.org, 2015, n.p). However, in 1933, the enactment of a Native Title
Act facilitated the recognition of indigenous rights at both the federal and state level. This enactment fostered the development of representation in diverse sectors such as land ownership, thus paving the way for the respect of traditional landowners (“Aluminium-
stewardship.org, 2015, n.p). The land ownership framework offered a framework for economic practices such as tourism and cultural practices such as spiritual ritual activity.
3.2.2 Aboriginal Tourism
Aboriginal tourism forms an integral segment of Australia’s tourism sector, which covers the international and domestic markets of Australia. Aboriginal tourism forms the meshwork component that facilitates authentic cultural acquaintance, which ultimately offers
potential job opportunities to indigenous people, according to the Australian government (Ruhanen et al., 2015, p73-74).
4 Comparison Analysis of the Maori and Aboriginal People
4.1 Methodology
The following study entails the research methodology of analyzing the archival research of secondary sources to develop crucial relevant historical information regarding indigenous people and cultural tourism. The critical areas of research topics from the archival
documents focused on Māori and Aboriginal identity and environmental relationships, including attitudes, opinions, and performances to do with appreciation and caring for the environment, taking initiative actions to safeguard it, user choices concerning
environmentally-friendly products, and spiritual perception about the natural world. Notably, the research retrieved sources from the archival materials on Indigenous tourism and people’s prior study. The chosen methodology was deemed the best for this research due to the easy access of data. The methods require minimal costs; there is easy automation of data and complete flexibility in gathering information from a broad population.
4.2 Criteria
This research’s comparison criteria encompass a multiple criteria analysis to discriminate the best study to separate and lessen the research topic’s complexity. This comparison framework entails decision theory to determine the best alternative result for the
research.
4.3 Comparison
Human Relationship
The Maori people have a mystical relationship to their culture and belief, which extends to their human relationship. The Maori people’s self-identity is deeply interconnected and takes various forms due to interaction with human beings. Similarly, the Aboriginals
have festivals that encompass their cultural practices that influence their festival attendees’ emotional interactions. Their interaction with the festival or cultural program attendees determines the attendees’ experience from the cultural scope (Lee and Chang, 2017, p454).
Both needed to be treated equally and respectively, just like the modern human being. This interaction encompasses Maori people collectively viewing human beings as an embodiment of the environment and spiritual representations, thus valuing their relationship (Rua et al., 2017, p55).
Environmental Attitude
Maori indigenous people have a strong perception of the environment. The people were perceived as representations of the source of supremacy through which Maori people depended on, thus fueling their urge to protect the environment (Lockhart et al., 2019, p1).
Aboriginal indigenous people are considered stewards of the protection of the environment because they possess relevant knowledge in understanding human interactions, thus ensuring effective management of environmental projects (Reo et al., 2017, p2).
Indigenous Health
The Aboriginals have high health disparities between them and non-indigenous populations. For instance, indigenous people engage in health risk behaviors that contribute to their poor health outcomes (Waterworth et al., 2015, n.p). Notably, the Maori have high
rates for a wide scope of health conditions and chronic problems such as cancer, heart problems, diabetes, and increased disability levels (Kahukura, 2015, p1). Besides the behavioral factor impacting the health outcome, similar factors such as racism,
socioeconomic challenges, cultural obligations, and marginalization contribute to poor health conditions among the indigenous people, thus creating the health difference gap between the Maori and Aboriginal indigenous people and non-indigenous populations (Waterworth et al., 2015, n.p).
Climate Change
Maori people of New Zealand always experience climate change patterns, which shifts, resulting in mean air temperature increase, precipitation resulting in intense rainfall, sea level rises accompanied by wind and storm occurrences (Rouse et al., 2017, p189).
Notably, Australia experiences climate change such as a rise in temperatures, extreme heatwaves, and environmental changes, which demands the development of adaptive methods to enable moderate the negative impacts of climate change (Pearce et al., 2018, p1).
Impact of Tourism on Culture The indigenous people receive multiple benefits from tourism since they play a significant activity that facilitates sustainable development. For instance, one of how tourism affects culture is by preserving cultural aspects and landscape due to the increased cultural resource requirement in the tourism industry (Chang et al., 2018, p6). Another significant positive impact includes strengthening self-identity, where residents get a platform to create and demonstrate their cultural values to tourists (Chang et al., 2018, p6). However, despite the positive impacts, tourism can affect indigenous people’s cultural aspects through cultural erosion from western visitors.
Differences
Life Expectancy
The life expectancy of the indigenous population is relatively low compared to the life expectancy of non-indigenous individuals due to poor health conditions and healthcare systems. In Australia Aborigines, the life expectancy gap is twice that of the Maori population. The gap difference is referenced in the age groups of 35-59 age difference in Australia, while Maori’s age gap ranged in 60-74 years (Philips et al., 2017, p9). The Aboriginal adult mortality rate among females and males is greater than in the Maori population. Thus, indigenous Australians’ life expectancy encompasses losing additional years than the life expectancy deficit in Maori people with the same age group (Philips et al., 2017, p7).
Macroeconomic conditions
Maori people, despite fighting for recognition for their true identity, fight for the quantification of and articulation of the economic sector with their nature and success for their economic achievement (Barg, 2018, p297). The Maori people’s macroeconomic conditions entail bringing Maori and non-Maori individuals to engage in a common business operation or research while acquiring business tools and preserving the treasurers of the indigenous people (Barg, 2018, p297). However, the Australian indigenous people’s
economic status entails an improvement in the labour force with a constant or no change in the income status, thus presenting a paradox in Aborigines’ market (Taylor, 2018, p1). The economy’s spatial structure with varied performance in Australia attracts regional departures ue to the economic status (Taylor, 2018, p1).
Parliamentary Representation
Maori people fought for the election of the Maori Member of Parliament (MMP), which represented the people’s expectations and objectives (Clarke, 2015, p2). Notably, the representation mainly focused on fostering engagement in the decision-making process and
identifying indigenous rights to ensure New Zealanders received the Waitangi treaty (Clarke, 2015, p2). Also, Aboriginals have a parliamentary representation with one parliament member holding a majority in the parliament program. In contrast, the other member forms the opposition leader to fight for indigenous Australians’ social status and rights alongside their right to quality health services (Hyyrylainen, 2020, p3).
Social Inequality
Maori people experience greater lengths of social inequality, which are measurable using their level of income and poor healthcare systems (Mariott, 2015, p30). Maori people receive poor health results as compared to the surrounding populations. For instance,
Mariott’s research portrays that the health outcomes between supreme populations such as Europeans and Americans and those of Maori bears a significant difference with the supreme populations’ high favoritism and poor health records among the inferior populations
(Mariott, 2015, p30). Besides health inequalities, the Maori people experience vast experiences of racism, which affect the people regardless of the government policies to ensure the installation of human rights programs or the Te Tiriti O Waitangi document (Came
and McCreanor, 2015, p24). Notably, the Aborigines are associated with social inequalities and disadvantages such as under-education, social dysfunctions, and unequal job allocation resulting in high unemployment levels(Fogarty et al., 2018, p4). These tropes indicate an
unhealthy community that experiences neglect and overcrowding as a challenge resulting from social inequality perceived by the Australian individuals (Fogarty et al., 2018, p4).
5. Discussion Results
Based on the research findings, the archival sources provided information regarding tourism, indigenous people, sustainable tourism, and the concept of social sustainability. The secondary sources also provided information on the Maori and Aboriginal people’s historical
background regarding their culture, traditions, and socioeconomic status. The findings helped to develop the comparison of the aspects of the Maori and the Aboriginal people. According to the research studies, the determination of whether tourism affects an indigenous community’s socio-culture due to the existence of both factors in socio-cultural tourism is possible due to the government’s urge of indigenous involvement in tourism to eradicate dependency welfare among indigenous people. For instance, sustainable tourism
positively impacts individuals’ socio-culture through benefits such as preserving cultural and andscape aspects. Tourism fosters the conservation of the heritage and facilitates the learning and teaching of cultures (Chang et al., 2018, p6). Secondly, tourism increases the derived demand for cultural aspects by promoting an indigenous community’s cultural heritage. Lastly, tourism provides self-identity through which the residents showcase and demonstrate their cultural aspects and cultural values (Chang et al., 2018, p6). Thus, sustainable tourism has transformative power by providing insights into the cultural adaptability of the tourism subjects.
With respect to indigenous tourism interaction documents of the Maori and Aboriginal people, the research findings facilitated the development of the two communities’ comparison traits. For instance, Maori people experience social inequality, which is portrayed
with the poor healthcare systems and measurable poor levels of income, which contrasts with its surrounding populations such as Europeans and Americans (Mariott, 2015, p30). Consequently, the indigenous people experience social inequalities through extreme violent victimization of the subjects as portrayed with the concept of historical trauma (Burnette and Figley, 2016, p37). These social inequalities result from favoritism of the surrounding populations leading to less prioritization of the minor populations such as Maori people. Also, Aborigines experience social inequalities with various tropes that signify an unhealthy community that bears government neglect resulting in under-education, social dysfunction, and unequal job opportunity, which ultimately results in high levels of unemployment (Fogarty et al., 2018, p4). Another notable comparison of the two indigenous tribes is the life expectancy phenomenon. While the indigenous life expectancy is low compared to non-indigenous people, Australian Aborigines bear a life expectancy gap that is twice that of the
Maori population. For instance, the age gap difference exists in age groups of 35-59 age difference among the Aborigines. At the same time, the Maori population fell in the category of 60-74 years age group (Philips et al., 2017, p9). Therefore, the Australian Aboriginals’ life
expectancy encompasses an additional year deficit than the life expectancy in Maori people (Philips et al., 2017, p9). On the other hand, Maori people fight for the development and improvement of their macroeconomic conditions. They fight for the quantification and articulation of the economic sector to foster economic achievement (Barg, 2018, p297). They do this by facilitating non-
Maori and Maori people’s engagement in common business grounds to foster research while preserving indigenous people’s treasures and value. This economic status contrasts with Aboriginals’ purpose in improving their macroeconomic conditions, mainly characterized by
improvement in the labor force with constant income levels presenting a challenging situation in the Aboriginal market, facilitating regional departures due to poor economic standards (Taylor, 2018, p1). Therefore, Maori and Aboriginals have a comparison in their
way of living. A summary of the comparison is seen in the Appendix section of Figure 1.
6. Which Organizers Organized Long-lasting Routes
Based on experts’ review, the best tour companies that organize socially responsible and focus on sustainability include Intrepid Travel, Exodus, and G-Adventures, which focuses on presenting value (McMahon, 2020, n.p). For instance, Intrepid Travel commits
itself to provide affordable travel rates while ensuring sustainability. Notably, its operation since the 1980s engages in social responsibility by balancing its profits with investments in community operations and environmental activities to ensure both the travellers and
destinations’ benefit (McMahon, 2020, n.p). Also, Exodus travel company offers veteran adventure to tourists in more than 100 countries globally. Its operation since the 1970s entails organizing responsible tours that ensure the protection of the environment and giving back to society through the offering of cycling tours resulting in its voting as the best National geographic Traveller’s Reader Awards in 2019 (McMahon, 2020, n.p). Finally, G-Adventures offers tour trips intending to present value to its clients. G-Adventures organizes socially
responsible tours while focusing on keeping costs down and giving multi-city itineraries to foster the local industry’s growth, foster education, and ensure sustainability while joining travellers with common thinking or perception (McMahon, 2020, n.p). More significantly, companies such as Responsibletravel.com, World Primate Safaris, and Sumak Travel are propellers of responsible, sustainable tourism by prioritizing the environmental protection programs and protecting endangered species (Tour Operators | Sustainable Tourism, 2020, n.p). For instance, Responsibletravel.com company uses its website to offer ecotours and
adventure while focusing on sustainable tourism and meeting the social, economic, and environmental requirements for individuals to earn their membership species (Tour Operators | Sustainable Tourism, 2020, n.p). The website company makes donations and pre-tax profits to local communities to ensure local development. Notably, World primate Safaris and Sumak Travel donate a section of their profits to foster the protection and preservation of endangered tourism primates and consequently work with indigenous communities to achieve ustainable tourism, thus preserving the local and cultural traditions of local communities
respectively (Tour Operators | Sustainable Tourism, 2020, n.p).
6.1 Challenges Disrupting sustainable Tourism
The key limiting factors that inhibit tourism’s sustainability are environmental degradation and pollution, which entails the destruction of biodiversity and natural habitats. Also, cultural erosion serves as a drawback to engaging in full exploitation of tourism due to
the fear of destruction of the cultural heritage. Noteworthy, the emission of gases presents a challenge of the greenhouse effect, which can foster problematic climate change that limits sustainable tourism (Pan et al., 2018, p456-458). The improper methods of waste
management in society today limit sustainable tourism due to the environment’s contribution, which endangers human beings and the culture, traditions, and species that serve as tourist attraction catalysts.
7. Conclusion
In summary, indigenous people rely on tourism to improve their living conditions. The involvement in sustainable tourism fosters the attraction of other factors such as cultural erosion while improving their standard of living. Tourism is based on the cultural context
with which a culturally rich community is viewed as an excellent cultural tourism propeller. The Maori and Aboriginal people engage in sustainable tourism while aiming to achieve social responsibility, considering their cultural scope and the natural resources environment.
Maori people are a culturally rich community that works diligently to develop sustainable tourism activities to foster the community’s local and economic development. Consequently, the Aborigines engage in tourism to enjoy the benefits of diversification of cultures, sharing the world’s traditions and cultural aspects while improving the economic standards. Cultural integration in tourism has fostered changes in the lives of indigenous people, such as preservation and conservation of the culture, protection of landscapes and natural resources, and modernization of their livelihood through the development of health systems, cultural marketing, and protection of delicate culture and traditions through tourism platforms to ensure the cultural aspect and treasures are well preserved. Despite these benefits, tourism bears negative impacts on culture by creating channels that foster cultural erosion or cultural loss. Maori people with good macroeconomic conditions in the New Zealand market can engage in sustainable tourism that ensures that people’s rich cultural diversity attracts more tourists to improve the economic sector. Notably, the tour operator companies such as Exodus, G-Adventures, and Intrepid Travel, and more significantly, companies such as Responsibletravel.com, World Primate Safaris, and Sumak Travel are propellers of responsible, sustainable tourism through the prioritization of the environmental protection programs and protection of endangered species. The tour operators design socially responsible tours with small groups that foster the residents’ environmental protection and development. These three tour operator companies depict that tourism significantly impacts
indigenous people’s socio-culture through their environment, culture, or economic engagements.
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